ROM: All of the studies I have come across include some environmental factor causing methylation (or demethylation) resulting in traits that carryover to the offspring. > > As long as by environmental you include lack of food, changing types of food (Darwin's finches), size change as in Resnick's guppies, and recently discovered fear-causing events, as examples, that is fine. Have you read Shapiro's book "Evolution; A view from the 21st Century", 2011?-Of course I do. Why on earth would anyone exclude these things from the environment?-No I have not read that particular book.-Currently reading The Fallacy of Fine Tuning (Vic Stenger)