GK: David: > > maybe I am confused with the word "required outcome". Required? whats that mean?-My view of chance outside of statistics is that an outcome or a result is not expected or predicted in advance. What you see it what you get, and therefore the cause is unexpected. In this was 'Cause' is a chance event with an unexpected outcome (effect), not one that is required. When I switch on the light, light is required, or the switch or the circuit is bad.