to David: He does make some mathematical errors, but we've only been able to measure time at this scale for a few years: all his statistical calculations assume (as I made mention of in previous posts) 1 try per second. This does NOT take into consideration the actual amount of time needed for any rxn (shorthand for 'reaction' for the uninitiated) to occur. And I'm sorry for waiting so long to read this!-I kept telling you. Shapiro teaches you to be skeptical, and how to think along those lines. His latest offerings suggest an entirely inorganic energy cycle as a starting point.