DAVID: The culprit? Catastrophic volcanic eruptions that spewed enough lava to cover Australia led to the die-off at the end of the Permian era, the researchers found." -dhw: Preprogrammed by God, who had preprogrammed 10% of marine species and 25% of land dwellers to survive so that they could eventually create the innovations necessary to produce humans? Or a random catastrophe which some organisms were lucky enough to survive so that they were able to continue the higgledy-piggledy process of evolution?-DAVID: Random catastrophe. The survivors had survival mechanisms responses which had been honed to a fine point through previous catastrophes, all guided by God. Theistic evolution solves all problems.-No more than faith in chance or faith in billions of individual intelligences. If you shut your eyes tightly enough, you won't see any of the problems.