Leanng from past experience to develop new plans:-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=new-frontier-animal-intelligence&WT.mc_id=SA_DD_20131008-"Mental time travel likely requires some form of consciousness or self-knowledge to allow an animal to place itself at the heart of its memories and future plans, and much of this debate focuses on whether animals' observed behavior or neurological activity are evidence of consciousness at work. Consciousness is the unknowable singularity at the heart of the black box."