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> A new driver in for gene expression:
> 
> https://phys.org/news/2023-12-class-regulatory-element-dna.html
> 
> "In this study, the authors introduce the concept of "facilitators," a newly identified type of non-coding DNA that can help to drive gene expression.
> 
> "All of the cells in your body contain the same DNA. However, these cells are able to develop into over 200 different types and make up a variety of different specialized tissues such as the skin, the blood, and the brain.
> 
> ***
> 
> "One type of regulatory element in DNA is enhancers, which sit in between genes and are needed to switch genes on and off in different combinations, at different times, and at different levels. Despite being discovered over 40 years ago, how enhancers work is still not fully understood. More recently, "super-enhancers" have also been identified, which are composed of teams of individual regulatory elements that work together to drive very high levels of gene expression.
> 
> "It was previously thought that the individual elements of these super-enhancers might each carry out the same role. However, the authors of this study found that these elements actually have distinct roles and are able to work together to make the super-enhancer greater than the sum of its parts.
> 
> "In particular, this study identified a new kind of regulatory element, which the authors have named "facilitators." These facilitators do not have any intrinsic enhancer activity but are able to help the classical enhancers do their job more effectively.
> 
> "In this paper, researchers used a mouse α-globin super-enhancer as a model system to study the individual roles of its five constituent elements. Previous studies have suggested that this super-enhancer was composed of two classical enhancers and three inactive elements.
> 
> ***
> 
> "they were able to show that these 'inactive' elements were really facilitators. The authors also reviewed past analyses of other super-enhancers and found evidence that these facilitators could be a common feature of super-enhancers.
> 
> "Lead author Dr. Mira Kassouf said, "In addition to the other known fundamental regulatory elements (enhancers, promoters, and insulators), our new observations have identified a new type of regulatory element called a facilitator. As for the original three elements, it is likely that identifying facilitators and understanding how they work will provide new insights into the mechanisms by which genes are normally switched on and off and how this goes awry in human genetic disease.'"
> 
> Comment: Note it is genes that 'go awry'. Every level of control in DNA is required by design. Finding inactivity simply means not enough research has been achieved.