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> This is an example of the type of DNA change that Shapiro has proposed:
> 
> https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161115111720.htm
> 
> "Researchers at the University of Oxford have demonstrated that the diets of organisms can affect the DNA sequences of their genes.
> 
> In a study on two groups of parasites, the team detected differences in DNA sequences that could be attributed to the composition of their food.
> 
> "Study co-author Dr Steven Kelly, from Oxford's Department of Plant Sciences, said: 'Organisms construct their DNA using building blocks they get from food. Our hypothesis was that the composition of this food could alter an organism's DNA. For example, could a vegetarian panda have predictable genetic differences from a meat-eating polar bear?
> 
> "'To test this hypothesis, we picked simple groups of parasites to use as a model system. These parasites share a common ancestor but have evolved to infect different hosts and eat very different foods.
> 
> "'We found that different levels of nitrogen in a parasite's diet contributed to changes in its DNA. Specifically, parasites with low-nitrogen, high-sugar diets had DNA sequences that used less nitrogen than parasites with nitrogen-rich, high-protein diets.'
> 
> "The study involved groups of eukaryotic parasites (Kinetoplastida) and bacterial parasites (Mollicutes) that infect different plant or animal hosts.
> 
> "The results, based on novel mathematical models developed by the researchers, reveal a previously hidden relationship between cellular metabolism and evolution. They provide new insights into how DNA sequences can be influenced by adaptation to different diets.
> 
> ***
> 
>  "'It has been unclear why very closely related organisms can look so different in their genetic makeup. By bringing together two fundamental aspects of biology -- metabolism and genetics -- we have advanced our understanding of this area.
> 
> "'It's a difficult question to answer, because there are so many factors that can influence the DNA sequence of an organism. But our study explains a very high percentage of these differences and provides evidence that we really are what we eat."
> 
> Comment: this is an exact instance of what Shapiro has shown. Necessary adaptation to environmental challenges, no change in species.