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> >dhw:  So let us focus solely on ants. What exactly is the theistic theory on offer here? 1) God preprogrammed the [b]very first living cells [/b]to pass on the programme that would produce ants (along with umpteen billion other species) plus every single response that ants could make to a changing environment, including the building of underground cities, farming, military strategies, teaching the young etc. 2) God specially created ants, and inserted a programme for every single response, as in 1). 3) God preprogrammed the very first living cells to pass on the programme that would produce ants, but every so often, when ants face new problems, he dabbles with the programme to provide them with a solution (e.g. rafting). Or 4) God provided the very first living cells with a mechanism enabling them to cooperate freely (i.e. not preprogrammed) in producing any number of species, including ants which would also cooperate freely (i.e. not preprogrammned) in working out their own solutions to new problems.-We have found evidnece supporting all of your choices except #4. Cells are highly programmed. Read Dr. Woese&apos;s article, courtesy of George, carefully.