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> Similar to current insecticide chemicals;
> 
> https://phys.org/news/2023-10-ferns-crop-saving-insecticide.html
> 
> "'The structural analysis demonstrates that even though this protein is produced by plants, it has several features in common with known three-domain Cry proteins used extensively in agriculture for insect control," Professor Anderson said.
> 
> "'These proteins protect crops from damage by serious lepidopteran (caterpillar) pests."
> 
> "The discovery of these proteins by Corteva Agriscience holds promise for the development of new tools to combat insect pests that threaten food and fiber production.
> 
> ***
> 
> "Pest control in the major global crops of corn, soybean and cotton use transgenes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to produce insecticidal proteins for protection against major insect pests. The search for alternative solutions has been motivated by concerns that pests could develop resistance to these proteins.
> 
> "This study introduces a novel family of insecticidal proteins, designated as IPD113, found in ferns like Pteris species, known as "brake," which are popular as houseplants.
> 
> "The proteins were very effective in artificial diet-based assays against six of the major lepidopteran (caterpillar) pests of maize and soybeans. Furthermore, maize and soybean plants producing IPD113 proteins were more resistant to insect damage to leaves, stems and ears, compared to control plants.
> 
> "The crystal structure analysis of one example of these proteins revealed a surprising similarity to the structure of certain Bt insecticidal proteins, even though they are derived from plants (not bacteria). Notably, these fern proteins lack one domain (or part) that is typically present in Bt proteins but maintain effectiveness.
> 
> "Remarkably, these fern proteins still affected fall armyworm that were resistant to conventional Bt proteins."
> 
> Comment: we constantly find nature is cleverer than we are. Due to God's designs?