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> There are bacteria that associate with plants and protect them from harmful bacteria. this study explores how:
> 
> https://phys.org/news/2018-02-insight-molecular-weapons-microbiome.html
> 
> "Like all organisms, plants are associated with bacterial communities in which helpful and harmful bacteria compete for dominance. Among the weaponry of these warring bacteria are molecular syringes that some bacteria can use to inject toxins into others.
> 
> ***
> 
> "The bacterium Pseudomonas protegens can kill soil-dwelling plant pathogens, including fungi and bacteria that attack the roots of important crops such as cotton. Pseudomonas protegens releases diverse antimicrobial compounds into the soil, but John Whitney was curious specifically about the compounds that it was injecting directly into other bacteria through the type VI secretion system, or T6SS.
> 
> "'[The T6SS] is this molecular nanomachine that injects toxic protein into other species of bacteria and kills them," Whitney said. "Plant protective bacteria that have [T6SS] can protect plants from pathogens better relative to [bacteria] that don't have it."
> 
> "Jenny Tang and Nathan Bullen, undergraduate students from the University of Waterloo working with Whitney on a co-op work-study assignment, spearheaded the discovery that the toxic protein used by P. protegens against other bacteria acts on a molecule found in nearly all living cells: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD+.
> 
> "NAD+ is a cofactor, or "helper" molecule, in many biochemical reactions. By injecting a protein that destroys NAD+, P. protegens is able to kill other bacteria.
> 
> "The team then investigated the genome sequences of many other bacteria to see how widespread the strategy of targeting NAD+ is in microbial warfare. They found that many bacteria with secretion systems carry genes similar to the one encoding the NAD-targeting toxin.
> 
> "We started to see that this isn't just a way of killing that is enacted by plant-protective bacteria," Whitney said. "If you look at the distribution of this (protein) among all sequenced bacteria, it appears that many different bacteria in many different environmental niches use this mode of action to outcompete other bacteria."
> 
> Comment: Nicotinamide is used by humans to protect plants from insect pests. Again looks like evolutionary convergence in that bacteria use it also. The real puzzle is how did this complex arrangement with bacteria and plants ever evolve stepwise, or was it set up all at once.