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> Desert ants use two systems to navigate, step counting and visual memory: - http://phys.org/news/2016-09-ants-dual.html - "Prior research with Cataglyphis bi-color desert ants initially suggested that they found their way back to their nests using optic flow&#151;where they observe the passing terrain as they travel as a means of gauging distance. But a more recent study found that the ants actually counted their steps to keep track of how far they had gone. Getting back to the nest from foraging trips in short order is critical for the ants because the intense desert heat will kill them if they take too long. In this new effort, the research pair has found that the ants actually have both types of navigational skills at their disposal. - "To learn more about what is actually going on with the ants, the team noted that interior colony ants&#151;those that perform housekeeping rather than forage&#151;were actually carried by foragers when it was time to move to a different nest. But what would happen if something happened to the forager during the trip&#151;would the interior ant be able to find its way back to the nest, and if so, how?  - "Logically, the ants being carried would have difficulty counting steps because they were not taking any. But testing showed that if an interior ant lost its host during a journey to a new site, it was able to find its way back home anyway. To find out if it was using optic flow, the researchers applied yellow paint over the eyes of several volunteers, blinding them. Such ants would either have to rely on counted steps to get back home, or they would not be able to do so at all. After several trials the researchers found the latter to be the case&#151;without their eyes to guide them, the ants wandered lost; thus their navigation was based on optic flow, which meant the ants have a dual navigation system to help them survive." - Comment: One has to wonder how this dual system developed. Step-wise is problematic if survival is an issue.