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> > David: Therefore the single cells are also automatons. Remember it is DNA all the way down (!) to paraphrase Hawkins&apos; funny tale.[/i] >  > dhw: I also accept this argument, apart from your conclusion that &#147;therefore single cells are also automatons&#148;. When cell communities combine into new organs/organisms, they must clearly establish a pattern that will be repeated over and over again if the new organ/organism is to survive. The cells accept their role, much like ants, and will fulfil it automatically. However, when conditions change, pure automatism may result in extinction. That is why some cells/cell communities change.... (I see ALL the hypotheses, including your own, as having nothing but theoretical bases.)-You are confusing the automatic reactions to stimuli I have discussed in the past, with the cells ability to adapt through epigenetic and mutational changes when required. The cells have both abilities. James Shapiro is clear on this. And I know you reject all theories as a bone fide agnostic.